A&P by John Updike - Interesting Essay Topics

A&P by John Updike - Interesting Essay TopicsA&P by John Updike is one of the more famous books in American literature. It chronicles the life of a soldier in the Second World War who travels to Vietnam, where he meets a large number of people and experiences many interesting essays.One of the most interesting essays is 'For Dummies', which discusses many of the misconceptions that are associated with the war in Vietnam. This is an entertaining book and a perfect introduction to a little-known piece of literature that contains some useful insights into one of the most contentious issues of our time.The first part of A&P concerns the Vietnam War. A Vietnam vet recounts his experiences in the war, which include killing many Vietnamese, as well as prisoners of war, and civilians, which were fought over the border in Cambodia. A book such as this is often boring for the reader because it seems like a fairly dry account, but the author keeps the reader interested by picking up a variety of interesting points that many readers won't pick up on.One of the more interesting essay topics is the imprisonment of US soldiers during the war. A&P shows how the Vietnam War became about a large number of young men who were only passing through, which caused the concentration of America's commitment to the war. While it may seem like a paradox, it was actually the veterans who were most committed to the war, and they were the ones who were at the front lines, fighting many battles, who got the most publicity from the war.The book is also quite interesting because there are several different article topics that are covered, ranging from art to history to sports to science to food. Each of these essay topics is presented in a very interesting way, giving the reader a glimpse into a world that they probably wouldn't have otherwise been exposed to.Overall, this book is very well written and it is fascinating to read. It is also a great book to take on a reading vacat ion if you are visiting a city that you are interested in, such as a city in the Middle East. Most people don't have a lot of knowledge about the various topics that are covered in A&P, but those who have had a chance to read the book will find it to be a very interesting read.Overall, this book is a good introduction to many of the different topic areas, and it should be considered a book to read if you are interested in studying history or just love reading. Overall, A&P by John Updike is definitely worth reading and it is definitely worth recommending to anyone interested in military history.

Impact of Kinship Arrangements on Children Essay - 724 Words

With the number of traditional families in decline, many people have questions regarding the sanctity of marriage, as well as how we define the family unit as a whole. The purpose of this report is to offer facts and opinions about working parents and their children, strength of marriage and the effects of kinship arrangements on children of modern society. When parents regulate their lives in any way, including work schedules and other career options, it is reasonable to believe that the welfare of their child could be an important part of this choice; however, such preferences are not necessarily selected â€Å"to save the traditional family† (Macionis, 2010,  ¶ 8), as is suggested within parts of this week’s article. Instead, these plans†¦show more content†¦Wives have been professionals outside of the home for many years, which changes the dynamics of a marriage from a codependent situation to a true partnership. As a bona fide team effort, the parent’s union becomes stronger while they share the responsibilities of their household. Insofar as refusing traditional roles and positions in a relationship, it is true that more women today want independence from household work and child rearing duties. Nonetheless, I do not think this is a major reason for the countless marriages that end in divorce, f or other classic problems between married people are far more likely candidates such as money, sex, drugs and societal pressures to conform. Instead, women’s freedom of house duties is liable to be a reason that couples do not marry in the first place. As I see it, the importance of family patterns is not a major issue. Specifically, any plan that guarantees a child substantial and consistent time with their parents, which is carried out often, is the best arrangement possible. I believe that first choice goes to married parents who live together and raise their children as a pair, for a child deserves to have equal access to each parent; however, as a single father myself, I know that single parent homes are perfectly fine for raising well-adjusted, happy children. In addition, I am aware that several people in my town do not approve of my single parent status , as a father, whileShow MoreRelatedFactors Associated With Stress Among Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren966 Words   |  4 Pagesplace of 129 grandparents raising grandchildren to examine the extent to which social support are related to the grandparent’s stress. Situations such as parental substance abuse, physical and mental illness, imprisonment and ab use and neglect of children lead to grandparents becoming surrogate parents. Grandparents and great-grandparents older than 50 that identified themselves as the primary caregivers of one or more grandchild were sought out. A primary caregiver was viewed as one whoRead MoreHow Family Preservation Is A Service Help Keep Children At Home With Their Families1470 Words   |  6 Pagespreservation is a service to help keep children at home with their families rather than in foster homes or institutions (p.243). This service was a reaction to the earlier practice of family breakup, which pulled children out of unfit homes (Downs et al., 2009, p. 282). The services are designed to support families by improving parenting and family functioning while at the same time keeping children safe. The services are built around the belief that many children can be safely protected and treatedRead MoreEssay On Arranged Marriage1339 Words   |  6 Pagesare practiced in one’s life have an impact in the sort of path we undergo with marriage. I strongly believe tha t arranged marriages might have a stronger and longer lasting outcome than a love marriage. Arranged marriage not only ensures an increase in family ties, but even a superior status in society which contributes to a healthier upbringing of children, and also ensures the security for future generations. Arranged marriages are intended to reinforce kinship ties in an extended family. BeforeRead MorePostmodern views on diversity of the family1070 Words   |  5 Pagesrefers to kinship patterns and the domestic division of labour, adding to this it is also the structure of the family-whether it is reconstituted or extended for example. Cultural diversity in Britain occurs because of ethnic minority, cultural diversity is the structure of these ethnic minority families. A stereo-typical look into an Afro- Caribbean family would show that they are often single-parent families with the mother being the main source of care and socialisation to the children. The thirdRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness And Things Fall Apart1585 Words   |  7 Pagesjungle is like each person’s exploration of themselves through the thick jungle of their learned judgments and assumptions. In part three, just after Kurtz dies, Marlow shares a newfound perspective, â€Å"Droll thing that life is ¬- that mysterious arrangement of merciless logic for a futile purpose. The most you can hope from it is some knowledge of yourself – that comes too late – a crop of inextinguishable regrets.† (145) Perhaps a bit cynical, but nonetheless valuable. Everyone comes at some pointRead MoreThe Center For Children of Incarcerated Parents Essay2452 Words   |  10 PagesThe social welfare program identified for the purpose of this paper is the Center for Children of Incarcerated parents. The social problem for which it was designed to address is that of the effects of parental incarceration on children and families of the incarcerated. Its’ target population, children and families of the incarcerated. This paper will explore how services are provided and its source of funding. Additionally, it will seek to provide an understanding of theRead MoreStigma And Mental Health Problems2610 Words   |  11 Pages†¢ Stigma: As it’s stated above, when children have mutually responsive and dependable relationship with their first caregiver, a secure attachment style develops (Sroufe, 2003). This makes the children believe that their primary caretaker (parent) will always be available for them to meet their needs. Bowlby stated that a child who has experienced a secure attachment is however, likely to develop a representational model of attached figure that will be available, helpful and responsive to them (BowlbyRead MoreTheories That Serve As Lenses For Analyzing Society : Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism1433 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective, society exists as a harmonious system of interconnected parts that maintain a state of social equilibrium and balance as a whole. Different social elements contribute unique aspects to society, and functiona lism emphasizes how each part impacts and is impacted by other parts. For example, as technology has progressed, colleges and universities has started to offer more technical programs, and many adults have begun returning to school to learn these new abilities that are required for theRead MoreEffects Of Maltreatment On Children And Children2057 Words   |  9 PagesAustralia, the number of children who are removed from the care of their parents and placed into government regulated care continues to grow significantly. For these children, maltreatment (or the risk of maltreatment), in the form of abuse or neglect within the family home result in the need for them to be relocated to alternative care arrangements, more commonly referred to as out-of-home care (OOHC). The research which investigates the effects of maltreatment on children, conclusively shows thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hobbit 1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthemes of fighting. These topics have driven faultfin ders to view Tolkien s own encounters amid World War I as instrumental in molding the story. The creator s academic information of Germanic philology and enthusiasm for children s stories are frequently noted as impacts. The distributer was energized by the book s basic and money related achievement and, in this way, asked for a spin-off. As Tolkien s work advanced on the successor The Lord of the Rings, he made review lodging for it in

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The Legal Uk Requirement For Ice Cream - 1118 Words

Introduction The legal UK requirement for ice cream is for it to contain at least 5% fat and 2.5% milk protein according to the Food Labelling Regulation (1996). Ice cream is one of the most popular snacks in the world. There are many different variations of this long loved snack, however its origin is not very well documented. The consumption of ice cream has been dated as far back as the Roman Empire, where it was said that the emperor Nero’s (618-97AD) slaves collected snow from the top of the mountain and he ate it with a variety of fruits. It has also been said that ice cream was invented in China where Marco Polo, who eventually brought it back to Italy where it spread across Europe. However these stories have no real evidence supporting them. Clarke (2012) suggests that the invention of ice cream correlates with the invention of different refrigeration techniques such as: †¢ Mixing snow or ice with food or drink to cool it down. †¢ Dissolving salt in water to produce a cooling effect. †¢ Mixing salt with ice or snow to produce further cooling. †¢ The invention of the first ice cream machine. †¢ The invention of the modern refrigerator. Eventually ice cream made its way to the USA where it increased in popularity and it became commercially available. The US is currently the largest consumer of ice cream per person, consuming 17 litres per person each year. The UK’s ice cream has increased by 19% in the last 5 years and it is now worth  £1.1bn however the volume of iceShow MoreRelatedFrozen Yogurt Case Study1666 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing demand from customers for a healthier alternative to ice cream. The storyline will stay the same the forecast period. However, the evolution rate will slow down as a result of the mature nature of the market. rising private equity investments will develop as a driving force for the growth of the market,† according to the study. Despite the fact that, at the first opposed in predicting the success of Frozen Yogurt around UK and Northern Europe, due to the bad weather condition which mightRead MoreThe Case Of Burmah Oil Ltd V Lord Advocate2304 Words   |  10 PagesParliamentary sovereignty translates to the fact that parliament can pass any law subject to rules of statutory interpretation. This means that Parliament is the supreme law making body in the UK and therefore has the ability to make any laws based on any affair. As a result, British courts are bound to enforce these laws and can not question their effectiveness or legitimacy. Regardless of whether a law passed by Parliament withdraws citizen’s civil rights and/or chooses to imprison citizens withoutRead MoreNew Zealand Natural Ice- Cream Essay5383 Words   |  22 Pages INTERNATIONAL MARKETING GROUP ASSIGNMENT TITLE: - NEW ZEALAND NATURAL ICE- CREAM SUBMITTED TO: - DR. NITIN RAJ SETH PREPARED BY :- (GROUP MEMBER AND ID) JASBIR KAUR 20142248 CHARU MALIK 20142033 MILTON JOSEPH FRANCIS 20142314 SREEYA ARYAL 20141086 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Emerald Group is the 100% New Zealand proprietor of both Emerald Foods Ltd, a Premium Ice Cream maker situated in Auckland, New Zealand, and New Zealand Natural, a worldwide dessert parlour establishment system, withRead MoreMarketing Plan for Lords Ice Cream Parlour5099 Words   |  21 PagesSUMMARY ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, one of the prime ice cream products situated in St. Johns Wood with a good market share is one of the best in that area providing ice cream with fresh taste and modern packaging. It was established in 1998, ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, at present uses straight-line technology for manufacturing more than twenty three types of premium ice cream in its factory in Swiss Cottage, producing nearly 530 liters of ice cream each day . ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ has a twoRead MoreBen and Jerry Case4491 Words   |  18 PagesBen Jerry’s Homemade Inc. (hereafter known as Ben Jerry’s) is a US-based superpremium ice cream producer established in Vermont, USA in 1978 by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. From humble beginnings the company gained popularity through their unique style and innovative flavours and product names. The exceptionally high butterfat content of their ice cream qualified their product as a superpremium ice cream, which placed the company in the same competitive market as Haagen-Dazs, the superpremiumRead MoreOperations Management5704 Words   |  23 Pagesif you can. Think about how the shops you have visited are similar to IKEA and Pret A Manger, and how they differ. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As per the requirement of this project, I visited a furniture shop called Touchwood Interior Dà ©cor Furniture Limited based in Sharjah. Touchwood is under the Bukhatir Group which has several highly diversified conglomerates in the UAE, with interests in constructionRead MoreOperations Management5696 Words   |  23 Pagesif you can. Think about how the shops you have visited are similar to IKEA and Pret A Manger, and how they differ. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As per the requirement of this project, I visited a furniture shop called Touchwood Interior Dà ©cor Furniture Limited based in Sharjah. Touchwood is under the Bukhatir Group which has several highly diversified conglomerates in the UAE, with interests in constructionRead MoreBen Jerrys Expansion to Indonesia7601 Words   |  31 PagesThe report critically researches the market entry of the ice cream producer Ben amp; Jerry’s into the Indonesian market. The report critically researches the market entry of the ice cream producer Ben amp; Jerry’s into the Indonesian market. The International Expansion of Ben amp; Jerry’s to Indonesia The International Expansion of Ben amp; Jerry’s to Indonesia Ben amp; Jerry’s (Ben amp; Jerry’s, 2012a) Ben amp; Jerry’s (Ben amp; Jerry’s, 2012a) Read MoreAll Rules And Codes That Should Be Monitored3244 Words   |  13 Pagesintention and commitment to make the contract valid. CONSIDERATION: it is also an essential element of the contract, consideration are the rules and conditions on which both of the parties are agreed with each other, these consideration make the contract legal and if any of the party violate these rules, this can make the contract illegal. INVITATION TO TREAT An invitation to treat is simply an invitation for clients and customers to provide an offer. Contract is formed where there is an offer, an acceptanceRead MoreEmployee Voice3165 Words   |  13 Pagesoverall weaken productivity if not managed correctly. 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Example Of Departmental Culture - 1298 Words

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate my understanding of departmental culture by providing an analysis of its applied concepts through the lens of personal experience as an employee of the Alameda County Office of Education (ACOE). ACOE is a government agency responsible for providing three distinct services to the 18 school districts in Alameda County: 1) to design and deliver professional development and business-related services based on the individual needs of each district, 2) operates as a school district for the juvenile court school system, providing direct services to the county’s most vulnerable and at-risk youth and 3) provides oversight to the 18 school districts as outlined in the Education Code mandated by the†¦show more content†¦My current job title is classified as a program specialist with a focus on communication systems strategies. I am responsible for directly supporting the Department of Integrated Learning’s communication efforts w hich entail leading social media planning and implementation work and furthermore, the visualization of data collected from individual participants who attended one or more of our professional learning services offered. In the ten years, I have been with ACOE, I have experienced the leadership of two Superintendents of school and a gradual organizational and departmental culture shift as we adapt to the vision brought with new leadership in addition to responding to the needs of our constituencies. Regional Cultures According to Barsoux, Schneider, Stahl, regional cultures develop when differences within localities both on regional and national level evolve due to geography, history, politics, economics, languages and religion among other factors (pg. 65). â€Å"Within countries, it is sometimes the east-west divide that is important, leading to cultural difference between, for example, New York and California† (pg. 65). In looking at the concept of regional cultures through the lens of departmental culture, it is evident that regional cultural within ACOE exists between its four main divisions and departments within each division. For example: The Learning and Accountability Division has multiple departments underneath is organizational structure,Show MoreRelatedSwot and Macro Environmental Analysis of Nordstrom1664 Words   |  7 Pagesa new store in 1923. Nordstrom a promising and upcoming departmental store in U.S has shown phenomenal growth in the business of retail chain business. The credit for this would go to the founder and promoter’s philosophy of inverting the pyramid and putting the customer on the top, followed by employees and it was the share holders who were accorded the last place in the priority list of company. Nordstrom working as departmental store in the retail industry would be effected by all the forcesRead MoreCase Briefing-AirTex Aviation and Inland Steel Company780 Words   |  4 Pagesdepartments; 2) Profit centers identified revenues and expenses, which were communicated to the profit center manager; 3) Departmental managers were accounted for their profit centers, and would receive a bonus for their performance; 4) The profit center managers have their own authority. 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In order to efficiently deliver the public’s expectations of protection and safety, the development of the C J system encompasses decision makers from all level of government including legislative body members. However, the effectiveness of the criminal justice organization is highly dependent on federal, state, and local departmental interactions. OrganizationalRead More3HRC Activity 21052 Words   |  5 Pagesthe management in getting the best out of the candidates. Learning and Development Offering continuous learning and development can lead to growth of the individual staff and the organisation as a whole. Human resources are key in promoting the culture of learning and development throughout the organisation. We provide expertise in identifying training needs and development opportunities. Appraisals and performance management In order to maintain a productive workforce you must have colleagueRead MoreWhat Is 3m Corporation?1176 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same. But for 3M, perseverance mattered even more. The multiple crises that rocked 3M a century ago could have easily destroyed a young company in the 21st century. Innovative companies provide forums for employees to pursue opportunities. For example, 3M Corporation. This company was awarded the US government’s highest award for innovation, the National Medal of Technology. Over a 20-year period, 3M’s gross margin averaged 51% and the company’s return on assets averaged 29%. 3M has consistentlyRead MorePluto Telecommunication1312 Words   |  6 Pagestraining being given either to Sales or Customer Services. For example, one customer account manager had been asked by a customer about Pluto s new combined email, fax, telephone and answering machine. The manager knew nothing about the product and subsequently it took her nearly 3 weeks to locate the relevant information and brochures from the Marketing department. Right then, gentlemen, Veronica announced to the three departmental heads. 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These include: Aligning recruiting efforts with strategy; making sure the company’s talent management practices fit with each other; making deliberate effort to embed corporate culture into talent management processes such as hiring methods and leadership development; getting involvement by managers at all

My Natural High free essay sample

I enjoy playing basketball, and when I’m angry or upset I play it. It makes me feel happy, and relaxes me. I can take my problems out on the court and find a better way to deal with them. I consider basketball my natural high. Basketball is my favorite sport. It is a fun sport. When I’m angry or upset, I can just go play a game or shoot some hoops. When I’m playing basketball, it seems like all my troubles leave, and I calm down. It makes me feel happy when I score or a make a good pass. It helps you deal with your problems in a healthy way. It keeps your grades up because you want to play the sport that you love. You will find that when you have a good natural high, you have good friends and hang out with the right crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on My Natural High or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Playing basketball also keeps me away from recreational drugs. I focus on basketball, and I don’t even want to think about doing drugs. I also know that if did drugs, I wouldn’t be able to play basketball to the best of my ability. It keeps me and a lot of my friends away from drugs, and helps us deal with our problems in a healthy way. My Natural High free essay sample Sports are what I run to when I’m sad, angry, or upset. I love playing sports; they are what some people would call â€Å"My natural high.† My natural high is basketball and it’s a great way to keep me from thinking about trying drugs. Out of all sports basketball is my favorite. Basketball is one of my favorite sports because I can put all of my anger towards playing well. I love being competitive, and basketball gives me a great chance to do that. If I always have my focus on basketball I won’t be thinking of trying other bad stuff like drugs and alcohol My natural high also known as basketball helps and encourages me to stay away from recreational drugs. You can’t play sports well if you are on drugs, or hanging out with the wrong crowd. Sports take a lot of energy and you just don’t have any if you’re on drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on My Natural High or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With my favorite sports being basketball, it is way more important to me than using drugs. Basketball is my natural high. What is yours?

Relationship between Flock Size & Vigilance Time-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Relationship between flock size and vigilance time. Answer: Introduction: The living organisms surviving in groups has many advantages, one of them is that when in groups they need to spend less time in vigilance and thus can allocate percent of time in foraging and other essential behaviours (Beauchamp 2015). Evidential studies have reported that in many foraging birds and mammals, there exists negative correlation in between the size of the group and vigilance known as group size effect. The effect of detection or the many eye hypotheses explains this inversely proportional relationship (Li et al. 2012). According to the many eyes hypothesis, the increased number of eyes can detect a predator more easily and hence the individuals reduces their self vigilance and gains from the members of the other group as because the predator have the tendency to predate one prey at a time during their time of attack (Beauchamp 2013). This shows that the time for conducting other activities increases when in a group of larger size. Thus the foraging efficiency increases with time (Golabek, Ridley and Radford 2012). The many eyes hypothesis relates that vigilance plays an important role in detection of predators and thus is known as predation effect. Hypothetical view: It has been seen that several birds in flocks benefits through foraging. The flocking tendency helps them to avoid predator either by dilution effect or by confusion them explained through many-eyes hypothesis (Zoratto et al. 2014). It has been made evident in some of the cases that even the vigilance of the individual declines, the whole vigilance of the flock increases. This type of relationship observed in the vigilance level and size of the group is considered as an advantage while surviving in flocks (Olson et al. 2015). This observation based idea is sometimes correlated with the selfish herd hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the animals and the birds present on edges try to secure position in the middle of the flock (Pincock 2012). This hypothesis was observed in the macropid marsupial and in mixed sparrow flocks, in which the spatial distance affected the vigilance between the members of the flocks. Vigilance: Behavioural studies on columbid wild laughing dove had shown that groups with larger size had more chance in detecting any possible threat approaching towards them as compared with the groups with smaller size (Forshaw 2015). Based on this study, it was found that the information must be transmitted quickly within the members of the flocks in order to make the group size effective. As the foraging decreases the individual efficiency in vigilance as seen in birds, the size of the group is thought to influence the benefits and the individual costs (Marshall et al. 2012). Hence, the foraging by flock can decline the risk of predation during enhancing the intake of food. Some studies alternately show no such reduction in the individual vigilance with the increase in the size of the group. Vigilance is considered as the primary function in the protection of anti-predation (Fichtel 2012). Other factors that influence the rate of vigilance are various competitions such as interference compe tition and scramble, covering distance in concern, the age, gender, dominating status and observer proximity. Vigilance is said to be positioned towards predator and conspecifics eventually (Jayne 2014). Hence, the other components of behaviour and spatial factors of flocks are investigated that will suggest new vigilance effect. Studies on varied vigilance based on spatial positioning in flock showed that individuals present in the peripheral region spends more percent of time in comparison to the individuals present in the central position in vigilance (Darrah 2013). This type of effect is known as the edge effect and explains that the individuals present in the periphery have higher risk to get exposed to predation and acts as defender in providing prevention to the central placed individuals. In this study we will investigate how the size of flocks affect the foraging behaviour in an individual with varying size of the flocks and in which the vigilance also varies with the flock size. Thus in order to study whether the rate of foraging increases in flocks with larger size, we need to examine the relationship effect between the flock size and vigilance behaviour. We took the Australian Wood Ducks as the model system to determine the flock size effecting both time required in foraging and also competition level. We examined that whether increase in the group size positively affected in decreasing the risk of predation and hence helps in gaining more time in foraging or the increase in competition decreases the predation risk. The species mentioned in this discussion are the Australian Wood Duck, Chenonetta jubata, a grazer by nature spending more than 30% of whole day in grazing with frequent bouts (Ndlovu Hockey and Cumming 2017.). These birds are distributed in Australia, involving Tasmania too. The habitat of Australian Wood Duck is open woodlands with grasslands, pastures usually flooded and the bay coast. They inhabit the dams with farmland with sewage ponds and urban parks. These birds prefer foraging on lands. These birds are usually found in flocks ranging in between 100 to 2000 individuals in flock (Murray et al. 2013). The feeding habit includes grasses, herbs, grains and sometimes insects. These are found to forage in shallow water or grasslands. we will analyse that the vigilance by an individual decreases depending on the size of the group by predicting that increased in group size would increase the time required for foraging purpose with increased competition. Finally, we enhanced the fact that, the overall rate of intakes would increase with increased time for foraging till there is no such negative impact of competition interference on successful foraging. The size of the flock is found to be related with seasonal factors, disperse while breeding and congregates after breeding (Camacho 2012). All the above stated factors will be analysed by taking the Australian Wood Duck as the model system. Methodologies: The site under study: The study was performed in a shallow grassland taking Australian Wood Ducks as the model for studying the vigilance effect with respect to time. The vegetation of the area is mostly composed of grasses and some trees. In the dry season, from July to August, the observations and recording data corresponding the foraging activities was done in the morning time. The estimation of the population density was done by noting the individual count per flock that encountered in various regions in the study area. The flocks when discovered, the individuals were chosen randomly from the centre and the edge of flock when the size of the flock exceeded two. The individuals were positioned in the middle of there was one bird in between the individual in focus and the flock edge. But if no individuals were found in between the flock edge and the one in focal region, the individual was positioned in the edge. The recordings were made by the use of 10x25 binoculars with 5 minutes time interval with th e help of the focal-animal sampling methodology (Schlacher Nielsen and Weston 2013). The data collected were related to size of the group, scanning rate and the total duration in vigilance. The varying distances between the individuals, shifting the position and behavioural duration such as interactions, resting and foraging were also recorded. The behavioural scanning was recorded whenever an individual from the flock raised head from a horizontally marked line of the body. The individual distance was marked according a relative position of a tree which was noted as the marker. Observations: The size of the group was recorded at the beginning of the study and if the group size got altered due to any kind of dispersal, that observation session was ended, with the start of a new session. The foraging activity of the individuals was, walking with head-down and searching, thereby probing and substrate handling that covered most of the time in observing. This time was obtained by subtracting the time taken in doing other tasks from the time recorded in total observation. Findings: In the area under study, six animals/ha with 150 flocks of wood duck was recorded. The sample of the flocks varied from individual foragers to the wood duck groups comprising up to 20 individuals. The rate of scanning and the time taken in vigilance were noted respectively. The results were negatively correlated between the rate of scanning and the size of the flock. Sane correlation was found between the vigilance of the individual and the size of the flock. The time for foraging showed a mean value of 28030 (N=150) which corresponded to the size of the flock. The geometry of the flock and the average distance in cm were also recorded. It was found that only 28% of the individuals shifted among the flocks whereas 68% of the individuals shifted to the corner from the edge and 32% shifted to the edge from the centre position. The time of scanning, the time expenditure in vigilating and time of foraging was significantly related in between the individuals in the peripheral and in the c entre. More than 93% of observed time was due to foraging. Low aggression rate should no effect in between the group size and aggressive behaviour. It was found that as the group size increased, the aggression also increased. Discussion: Based on other relevant research studies, it was found in this study that the vigilance in individual reduced with the increased in size of the flock in Australian Wood Duck (Fernndez-Juricic 2012). The incorporation of the left out time in the activities concerning the foraging was noted due to the reduced time in individual vigilance. The reduced distance recorded among the members of the flock can be linked with conspecifics vigilance. This action can improve the responding towards predators which is possible due to fast mode of information transmission among the flockmates. The vigilance of this type can be demonstrated by peripheral vision, as the birds with head-down are capable of detecting threats though in lower rates as compared to vigilant birds (Edwards et al. 2013). The distance can be another factor between the members of the flocks that affects the rate of vigilance. In relating the risk of predation, the position of the flock plays an important role and has direct effect in the rate of vigilance. The amount of time spends by the individuals in vigilance purpose and foraging was related to their position among the flock. The individuals of Wood Duck birds at the edges functioned as more vigilant than the individuals in the middle (Beauchamp 2015). It was found that the individuals in the middle of the flock took more time during foraging as compared to the individuals in the edge of flock. Various studies revealed that the individuals preferred the central position as explained in the selfish herd hypothesis (Pincock 2012). This tendency can be due to the feeling of being protective in the middle of the flock by the individuals present in the peripheral region of the flock. This helps the centred individuals with the benefit of spending less amount of time in vigilance and gaining more time in foraging purpose. It can predict that due to a pre-es tablished hierarchy in grouping, the frequency by which the positional shifting occurs is lowered. Taking this prediction into consideration, it can be said that social organizing occurs by gaining benefit being in the central position of flock and hence are occupied by the dominating individuals. Due to this differences in the behaviour can be expected in allocating the time during vigilance and other activities such as foraging. The results have suggested that though there are low aggression rates, still there lies a relation between the size of the flock and the aggressive behaviour. This relationship indicates the interference effect that influences the rate of vigilance. Hence, it can be said that the individuals need to direct the vigilance towards the potential predators and also to the other members of the flock (Beauchamp 2015). However, more data are required to understand the effect of the size of group as the aggression was observed in rare case. Thus, it can concluded that the size of the group significantly affect the vigilance and the main force for driving the effect of the group size and trade-off found in the case between the foraging and vigilance is the pressure created due to predation. Scramble competition is also found to play a crucial role in effecting the size of the groups (Clutton?Brock and Janson 2012). The increased scramble intensity with decreased vigilance is found to be related with increase in group size References: Beauchamp, G., 2013.Social predation: how group living benefits predators and prey. Elsevier. Camacho, C., 2012. Variations in flocking behaviour from core to peripheral regions of a bird species distribution range.Acta ethologica,15(1), pp.153-158. Clutton?Brock, T. and Janson, C., 2012. 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